Economic Importance of Hydatid Cyst in Slaughtered Cattle of Mugla Province

Objective: This study was carried out to investigate the prevalence, seasonal distribution and economic effects of hydatid cyst infection in slaughtered cattle of Mugla province. Methods: Data from the 2019 records of the Mugla Metropolitan Municipal Abattoir were studied retrospectively. Both direct and indirect calculation methods were used to determine the economic losses incurred due to hydatid cyst. Results: Twenty-one out of 9.985 (0.21%) cattle were found to have been infected with hydatid cyst in 2019. The highest prevelance of infection was reported in February (1.17%), while no cases were observed in May, June and August. The direct economic loss attributed to liver destruction in Mugla province was 11,760 TL (1.950 $). The total indirect economic loss caused by hydatid cyst (carcass loss, milk production loss, decreased fecundity) was 122,691 TL (20,346 $). Cumulatively, the direct and indirect economic losses for hydatid cyst disease in Mugla province were 134,451 TL (22,296 $). Conclusion: According to our results, the prevalence of hydatid cyst in cattle of Mugla province was 0.21%, which was still lower than the average loss in Turkey in spite of the corresponding significant economic loss.

Prevalence of Liver Hydatidosis and Its Economic Significance in Sheep Slaughtered in a Private Abattoir in Konya

Objective: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of liver hydatidosis in sheep slaughtered in a private slaughterhouse in Konya and to estimate the economic loss incurred because of the disease. Methods: The study was conducted over a period of 12 months between 1 June 2018 and 31 May 2019. Given that the aim of this investigation was to determine the prevalence of liver hydatidosis, only the livers of 41,002 sheep were examined for hydatid cysts. Results: The liver of 810 (1.97%) sheep was found to be infected with hydatid cysts during the study period. The infection rate was determined as 5.34% in animals older than one year of age and 1.68% in animals less than one year of age. Regardless of the age group, the highest infection rate was found in autumn (3.34%), while the lowest infection rate was seen in spring (0.84%). In the sheep, the highest infection rate was in December (17.2%), and in lambs, it was in June (2.9%). On the other hand, the lowest infection rate in sheep was observed in November (1.8%), while the lowest infection rate in lambs was found in April (0.7%). The total economic loss incurred due to the annihilated livers was estimated as 36,450 TL (6.417$). Regardless of the number of cysts and degree of infection, the infected livers were completely discarded. The economic loss incurred due to the discarded livers was estimated by considering the 2019 offal prices. Conclusion: Based on the data obtained from this study, it could be concluded that hydatidosis still exists in Konya as well as throughout Turkey and that it causes serious economic loss.

Analysis of the cattle trade network in the state ofMato Grosso, Brazil / Análise da rede de trânsito de bovinos no estado de Mato Grosso, Brasil

We characterized the network of cattle movements in Mato Grosso, Brazil­a state responsible for a significant amount of Brazilian beef exports. In this analysis, we were particularly interested in the importance of slaughterhouses in the network of cattle movements, in the characteristics of the trade for different purposes (especially for reproduction, fattening, and slaughter), and about the importance of the main traders. We found that the median distance of all movements was 79.0 km, with an interquartile range between 37.2 and 163.2 km, which suggests a relatively short-range trade pattern; roughly 20% of the premises purchasing more animals were responsible for 95% of the animals purchased and 20% of the premises selling more animals were responsible for 86% of the animals sold, indicating the importance of the cattle trade hubs. Fitting the degree distribution using a power-law distribution, we obtained a scaling parameter of 2.59, indicating that the cattle movement network of Mato Grosso is less dense than other observed cattle movement networks. The networks for fattening, reproduction, and slaughtering only comprised 73%, 56%, and 25% of all nodes and 52%, 30%, and 17% of all edges, respectively; and slaughterhouses had the highest in-degrees and total degrees, followed by markets and farms, playing the role of main cattle trade hubs. Therefore, slaughterhouses are potentially useful as surveillance points to detect cases, and controlling important trader premises may optimize the use of resources for controlling diseases.(AU)

Caracterizamos a rede de trânsito de bovinos em Mato Grosso, Brasil ­ um estado responsável por uma quantidade significativa das exportações brasileiras de carne bovina. Nesta análise, o interesse foi na importância de abatedouros na rede de trânsito de bovinos, nas características do comércio para diferentes finalidades (especialmente para reprodução, engorda e abate), e sobre a importância dos principais comerciantes. Encontramos que a distância mediana de todos os movimentos foi de 79,0 km, com um intervalo interquartil entre 37,2 e 163,2 km, o que sugere um padrão de comércio de alcance relativamente curto; cerca de 20% dos estabelecimentos que compram mais animais foram responsáveis por 95% dos animais comprados e 20% dos estabelecimentos que vendem mais animais foram responsáveis por 86% dos animais vendidos, o que mostra a importância dos principais comerciantes de bovinos. Ajustando a distribuição de graus usando uma distribuição de lei de potência, obtivemos um parâmetro de escala de 2,59, indicando que a rede de movimentação de bovinos de Mato Grosso é menos densa do que outras redes de trânsito bovino observadas. As redes para engorda, reprodução e abate compreenderam 73%, 56% e 25% de todos os nós e 52%, 30% e 17% de todas as arestas, respectivamente; e os frigoríficos tiveram os mais altos graus de entrada e totais, seguidos por mercados e fazendas, desempenhando o papel de principais pontos de comércio de gado. Por conseguinte, abatedouros são potencialmente úteis como pontos de vigilância para detectar casos, e o controle de estabelecimentos importantes para o comércio pode otimizar o uso de recursos para o controle de doenças.(AU)

Physiological and economic benefits of abandoning invasive surgical procedures and enhancing animal welfare in swine production.

Food-animal welfare is a major ethical and social concern. Pork is the most consumed meat worldwide, with over a billion pigs slaughtered annually. Most of these pigs routinely undergo painful surgical procedures (surgical castration, tail docking, teeth clipping), which farmers often reluctant to avoid, claiming it would increase cost and reduce production efficiency. Herein, this study indicates that these procedures compromise pigs' health and condition. Replacing surgical castration with immunocastration, avoiding tail docking and teeth clipping, and providing environmental enrichment, resulted in significant increase in weight gain, lowered risks for injuries and death, and reduced saliva and hair cortisol, both biomarkers for stress. Testosterone and DHEA analyses confirmed that immunocastration was an effective alternative to surgical castration. Economic models for the entire US swine market revealed that following across-the-board acceptance of this management, pork meat price is expected to drop, while the total annual social welfare (combined consumer and producer surplus) is expected to increase by $US 1.48 to 1.92 billion. In conclusion, sustainable swine farming management can be beneficial for both animals and farmers. Applying such welfare-friendly management is expected to reduce stress, enhance piglet/pig welfare and production, and improve the economics of swine operations in the global agro-food system.

A socio-economic study of Fasciola infections in cattle and sheep at the Etoudi slaughterhouse, Yaoundé, Cameroon.

A cross-sectional socio-economic study of fascioliasis in livestock was carried out at the Livestock Development Cooperation (SODEPA) slaughterhouse in Etoudi, Yaoundé during the periods covering the beginning and late dry season in the northern and eastern regions of Cameroon. A total of 768 cattle and 267 sheep were inspected for the presence of Fasciola species. The overall infection rate in cattle and sheep was 18% (n = 767) and 27% (n = 267), respectively. For the animals that were Fasciola positive, a total of 267.86 kg of liver in cattle was condemned, resulting in a loss of US$1124, while a total of 57 kg of liver was condemned from the sheep population, amounting to a loss of US$114. A total of US$76,097 was determined as losses incurred from condemnation of liver for both cattle and sheep per annum based on the total number slaughtered each year. The findings indicate that fascioliasis is present in cattle and sheep slaughtered in Cameroon and that it causes great economic losses due to condemnation of liver. The local climatic conditions, husbandry systems and the presence of snails (intermediate hosts) are probably the main factors influencing the incidence of the disease and may account for the epidemiological significance found in this study.

Prevalence, virulence characterization, and genetic relatedness of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from chicken retail points and poultry slaughterhouses in Turkey.

Listeria monocytogenes is one of the most important foodborne pathogens and is a causal agent of listeriosis in humans and animals. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, serogroups, antibiotic susceptibility, virulence factor genes, and genetic relatedness of L. monocytogenes strains isolated from 500 poultry samples in Turkey. The isolation sources of 103 L. monocytogenes strains were retail markets (n = 100) and slaughterhouses (n = 3). L. monocytogenes strains were identified as serogroups 1/2a-3a (75.7%, lineage I), 1/2c-3c (14.56%, lineage I), 1/2b-3b-7 (5.82%, lineage II), 4a-4c (2.91%, lineage III), and 4b-4d-4e (0.97%, lineage III). Most of the L. monocytogenes strains (93.2%) were susceptible to the antibiotics tested. PCR analysis indicated that the majority of the strains (95% to 100%) contained most of the virulence genes (hylA, plcA, plcB, prfA, mpl, actA, dltA, fri, flaA inlA, inlC, and inlJ). Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) demonstrated that there were 18 pulsotypes grouped at a similarity of > 90% among the strains. These results indicate that it is necessary to prevent the presence of L. monocytogenes in the poultry-processing environments to help prevent outbreaks of listeriosis and protect public health.

Pork quality after electrical or carbon dioxide stunning at slaughter.

A total of 172 pigs were randomly allocated to two stunning treatments: carbon dioxide (CO2) and electrical stunning at a commercial abattoir. The Longissimus lumborum (LL) muscle was used to evaluate the effects of stunning methods on pork quality and financial losses of carcasses and viscera condemnation was also determined following by sanitary inspection. There was no effect due to stunning method on quality parameters (P > .137) of pH 24, drip or thaw loss, lipid oxidation, myofibrillar fragmentation index, shear force or PSE / DFD meat incidence. The LL muscle of the electrically stunned pigs had a higher L * value (P < .05), higher cooking loss (P < .001) and lower pH 45 (P < .05) compared to those stunned with CO2. CO2 stunned pigs had fewer carcasses condemned due to fractures / lesions (P < .05), hepatic and renal congestion (P < .05). CO2 stunning can be beneficial from an economic point of view because it has reduced losses through condemnation at the slaughterhouse.

Route optimization as an instrument to improve animal welfare and economics in pre-slaughter logistics.

Each year, more than three million animals are transported from farms to abattoirs in Sweden. Animal transport is related to economic and environmental costs and a negative impact on animal welfare. Time and the number of pick-up stops between farms and abattoirs are two key parameters for animal welfare. Both are highly dependent on efficient and qualitative transportation planning, which may be difficult if done manually. We have examined the benefits of using route optimization in cattle transportation planning. To simulate the effects of various planning time windows and transportation time regulations and number of pick-up stops along each route, we have used data that represent one year of cattle transport. Our optimization model is a development of a model used in forestry transport that solves a general pick-up and delivery vehicle routing problem. The objective is to minimize transportation costs. We have shown that the length of the planning time window has a significant impact on the animal transport time, the total driving time and the total distance driven; these parameters that will not only affect animal welfare but also affect the economy and environment in the pre-slaughter logistic chain. In addition, we have shown that changes in animal transportation regulations, such as minimizing the number of allowed pick-up stops on each route or minimizing animal transportation time, will have positive effects on animal welfare measured in transportation hours and number of pick-up stops. However, this leads to an increase in working time and driven distances, leading to higher transportation costs for the transport and negative environmental impact.

Economic costs of recorded reasons for cow mortality and culling in a pasture-based dairy industry.

The objective of this study was to determine the economic costs associated with different reasons for cow culling or on-farm mortality in a pasture-based seasonal system. A bioeconomic model was developed to quantify costs associated with the different farmer-recorded reasons and timing of cow wastage. The model accounted for the parity and stage of lactation at which the cows were removed as well as the consequent effect on the replacement rate and average age structure of the herd. The costs and benefits associated with the change were quantified, including animal replacement cost, cull salvage value, milk production loss, and the profitability of altered genetic merit based on industry genetic trends for each parity. The total cost of cow wastage was estimated to be NZ$23,628/100 cows per year (NZ$1 = US$0.69) in a pasture-based system. Of this total cost, NZ$14,300/100 cows worth of removals were for nonpregnancy and unknown reasons, and another NZ$3,631/100 cows was attributed to low milk production, mastitis, and udder problems. The total cost for cow removals due to farmer-recorded biological reasons (excluding unknown, production, and management-related causes) was estimated to be NZ$13,632/100 cows per year. Of this cost, an estimated NZ$10,286/100 cows was attributed to nonpregnancy, mastitis, udder problems, calving trouble, and injury or accident. There is a strong economic case for the pasture-based dairy industries to invest in genetic, herd health, and production management research focused on reducing animal wastage due to reproductive failure, mastitis, udder problems, injuries or accidents, and calving difficulties.

Factors responsible for the post-slaughter loss of carcass and offal's in abattoirs in South Africa.

Global demand for food is surging upward due to the expansion of human population. Hence food production and supply need to double with little or no waste to meet this demand. Food loss at any point in the farm to fork chain inhibits the stability of food security at household and national level. A retrospective (AR) and a post mortem meat inspection (PMMI) study to identify major causes of offal and carcass condemnation was conducted in three abattoirs namely, Adeliade, Queenstown and East London abattoirs represented as AD, QT, and EL respectively. The retrospective study revealed the main causes of tongue condemnation as abscess (0.08%, 0.03% and 0.05%) and actinobacillosis (0.02%, 0% and 0.02%) respectively. The spleen was condemned due to abscess (0.35%, 0.94% and 0.17%) and splenomegaly (0.21%, 0.55% and 0.2%). The heart was condemned due to cyst (0.24%, 0.36% and 0.2%) and inflammation (0.9%, 1.85%, and 0.75%). While the kidney, was condemned due to cyst (0.08%, 0.23% and 0.16%) and nephritis (0.94%, 1.01% and 1.18%). However, a greater percentage of condemnation was recorded during the active abattoir study. During the same period, partial carcass condemnations were mainly due to bruises (63.3%, 50.4% and 41.0%), abscess (7%, 6% and 14%) and improper evisceration (19%, 31% and 27%). The combined monetary loss due to offal's and carcass condemnation during the AR and PMMI study was estimated as ZAR 255194.4 (34191.5 USD) and ZAR 25958.8 (2570.2 USD) respectively. This study identified major causes of offals and carcass condemnation as abscess, bruises, actinobacillosis, cyst, inflammatory conditions and improper evisceration. It can be used as starting point information for early warning on livestock diseases of economic loss in South Africa.

The economics of animal welfare.

This paper examines four examples of animal welfare issues, demonstrating the interactions between welfare and economic principles. Welfare issues associated with purebred companion animals are examined in terms of predicted inherited diseases, highlighting the power of supply and demand in perpetuating traits in pets that compromise their well-being. The livestock industry is presented from the point of view of pig production and the impact that a major disease (pleurisy) has on production and the animals' welfare. The authors investigate the conflicting and complementary demands of animal welfare and economic gains during the transport and slaughter of livestock and poultry. Finally, wildlife species are considered in terms of their prevalence as pests, and the different types of economic analysis that have been conducted to understand the losses caused by these organisms. Also included in this example are decisions made about cost effectiveness and opportunity costs, and regulatory and financial barriers to the development of humane control agents. In conclusion, animal welfare is illustrated as a central factor in the benefits that humans enjoy from the role played by animals in society. There are, however, tradeoffs between optimal animal welfare and meeting the needs of modern human society.

Les auteurs analysent les effets réciproques du bien-être animal et des principes de l'économie à travers quatre exemples. La problématique du bienêtre des animaux de compagnie de race est examinée en lien avec les maladies à prédisposition génétique, ce qui permet de souligner l'influence de l'offre et de la demande dans la perpétuation de traits génétiques particuliers à ces animaux, au péril de leur bien-être. Le secteur de l'élevage est examiné à travers l'exemple de la production porcine en étudiant l'impact d'une maladie majeure (pleurésie) sur la production et le bien-être des porcs. Les auteurs abordent ensuite les exigences antinomiques ou complémentaires du bien-être animal et de la rentabilité économique dans le domaine du transport et de l'abattage des animaux d'élevage et des volailles. Enfin, les espèces sauvages sont examinées du point de vue de leur rôle en tant que nuisibles, en exposant les différentes manières d'expliquer au moyen d'analyses économiques les pertes causées par les nuisibles. Cet exemple aborde également les décisions en matière de rentabilité et les coûts d'opportunité, ainsi que les obstacles réglementaires et financiers à l'utilisation d'agents pouvant servir à contrôler les maladies par des méthodes respectueuses du bien-être animal. En conclusion, le bien-être animal apparaît comme un facteur central des bénéfices que les humains retirent des animaux et de leur rôle dans la société. Il y a néanmoins des compromis à trouver entre l'optimisation du bien-être animal et les exigences d'une société moderne.

Apoyándose en cuatro ejemplos de bienestar animal, los autores ponen de manifiesto cuán imbricados están entre sí los temas de bienestar y los principios económicos. Ante todo examinan los problemas de bienestar que sufren los animales de compañía de pura raza por lo que respecta a sus previsibles enfermedades hereditarias, subrayando el poder de la ley de la oferta y la demanda para perpetuar en ellos una serie de rasgos que comprometen su bienestar. A continuación se detienen en la ganadería industrial, y más concretamente en la producción porcina y la influencia que ejerce una enfermedad importante (la pleuresía) en el bienestar de los animales y en la propia producción. Después exponen los imperativos antagónicos y complementarios que se plantean en clave de bienestar animal y de beneficio económico durante las operaciones de transporte y sacrificio de ganado y aves de corral. Por último, considerando las especies de animales salvajes desde el punto de vista de su prevalencia como plagas, exponen los distintos tipos de análisis económico que se han realizado para aprehender las pérdidas resultantes de las plagas. Valiéndose de este ejemplo examinan también las decisiones adoptadas en materia de rentabilidad y de costos de oportunidad, así como las barreras reglamentarias y económicas que dificultan un funcionamiento más compasivo de los agentes de control. El bienestar animal, en conclusión, aparece como un factor central de los beneficios que extrae el ser humano de la función que cumplen los animales en la sociedad. Sin embargo, es preciso hallar un compromiso entre los niveles óptimos de bienestar animal y la satisfacción de las necesidades de la sociedad humana moderna.

Animal health and price transmission along livestock supply chains.

Animal health diseases can severely affect the food supply chain by causing variations in prices and market demand. Price transmission analysis reveals in what ways price variations are transmitted along the supply chain, and how supply chains of substitute products and different regional markets are also affected. In perfect markets, a price variation would be completely and instantaneously transmitted across the different levels of the supply chain: producers, the processing industry, retailers and consumers. However, empirical studies show that food markets are often imperfect, with anomalies or asymmetries in price transmission and distortions in the distribution of market benefits. This means, for instance, that a price increase at the consumer level may not be transmitted from retailers to processors and producers; yet, on the other hand, price falls may rapidly affect the upstream supply chain. Market concentration and the consequent exertion of market power in key segments of the supply chain can explain price transmission asymmetries and their distributional effects, but other factors may also be involved, such as transaction costs, scale economies, and imperfect information. During the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) crisis, asymmetric price transmission in the beef supply chain and related meat markets determined distributional effects among sectors. After the spread of the BSE food scare, the fall in demand marginally affected the price paid to retailers, but producers and wholesalers suffered much more, in both price reductions and the time needed to recover to precrisis demand. Price transmission analysis investigates how animal health crises create different economic burdens for various types of stakeholder, and provides useful socioeconomic insights when used with other tools.

Les maladies animales peuvent avoir de graves répercussions sur la filière agroalimentaire en occasionnant une instabilité des prix et de la demande. L'analyse de la transmission des prix met en lumière la manière dont les variations de prix se transmettent tout au long de la chaîne d'approvisionnement et leurs conséquences sur les productions de substitution et sur les différents marchés régionaux. Dans un marché parfait, toute variation de prix se répercute de manière intégrale et instantanée à chaque niveau de la chaîne d'approvisionnement : producteurs, transformateurs, détaillants et consommateurs. Des études empiriques ont toutefois montré que les marchés de l'agroalimentaire sont souvent imparfaits, avec des anomalies ou des asymétries dans la transmission des prix ainsi que des distorsions dans la répartition des bénéfices commerciaux. Ainsi, par exemple, une hausse du prix payé par le consommateur ne se transmet pas nécessairement du détaillant aux transformateurs et aux producteurs, tandis qu'une baisse des prix affecte très rapidement la filière en amont. Si les asymétries de la transmission des prix et leur impact distributif peuvent s'expliquer par la concentration des marchés et par la puissance commerciale exercée par des segments clés de la chaîne d'approvisionnement, d'autres facteurs entrent également en jeu, tels les coûts de transaction, les économies d'échelle et les failles de l'information. Lors de la crise due à l'encéphalopathie spongiforme bovine (ESB), l'asymétrie de la transmission des prix au sein de la filière viande bovine et des marchés connexes de la viande a eu pour conséquence un impact distributif parmi les secteurs concernés. Suite à la panique causée par l'ESB, la chute de la demande a eu des répercussions marginales sur le prix payé aux détaillants, tandis que les producteurs et les grossistes ont été beaucoup plus affectés, non seulement par la chute des prix mais aussi par le temps qu'il leur a fallu attendre avant que la demande retrouve son niveau d'avant la crise. L'analyse de la transmission des prix permet de comprendre la diversité des répercussions économiques d'une crise de santé animale en fonction des parties prenantes concernées et fournit un éclairage socio-économique précieux lorsqu'elle est utilisée parallèlement à d'autres outils.

Las enfermedades de los animales pueden resultar muy perjudiciales para la cadena de suministro alimentario por las oscilaciones que provocan en los precios y la demanda del mercado. El análisis de la transmisión de precios revela de qué manera las variaciones de precios se transmiten a lo largo de la cadena de suministro y cómo afectan también a las cadenas de suministro de productos sustitutorios y a mercados regionales diferentes. En un mercado perfecto, la variación de un precio se transmitiría de forma completa e instantánea a los distintos eslabones de la cadena de suministro: productores, industria transformadora, minoristas y consumidores. Sin embargo, los estudios empíricos demuestran que los mercados agroalimentarios suelen ser imperfectos y presentar anomalías o asimetrías en la transmisión de los precios, así como distorsiones en la distribución de los beneficios comerciales. Ello significa, por ejemplo, que un aumento de precio a nivel del consumidor puede no transmitirse de los minoristas a los transformadores y productores. Por otro lado, en cambio, las caídas de precios pueden afectar rápidamente a los primeros eslabones de la cadena de suministro. La concentración del mercado y el consiguiente ejercicio del poder de mercado en segmentos clave de la cadena de suministro pueden explicar las asimetrías de la transmisión de precios y sus efectos en la distribución, aunque también es posible que intervengan otros factores, como los costos de transacción, las economías de escala o las imperfecciones de la información. Durante la crisis causada por la encefalopatía espongiforme bovina (EEB), la transmisión asimétrica de los precios en la cadena de suministro de carne vacuna y en los mercados cárnicos conexos trajo consigo una serie de efectos distributivos entre los sectores. Cuando cundió la alarma causada por la EEB, la caída de la demanda afectó solo de manera marginal al precio pagado a los minoristas, pero en cambio productores y mayoristas sufrieron mucho más, tanto por la caída de precios como por el tiempo necesario para que la demanda recuperara los niveles previos a la crisis. El análisis de la transmisión de precios estudia cómo las crisis zoosanitarias imponen una carga económica variable a las distintas partes interesadas y proporciona información socioeconómica de utilidad cuando se emplea en combinación con otras herramientas.

Costs of Food Safety Investments in the Meat and Poultry Slaughter Industries.

To develop regulations efficiently, federal agencies need to know the costs of implementing various regulatory alternatives. As the regulatory agency responsible for the safety of meat and poultry products, the U.S. Dept. of Agriculture's Food Safety and Inspection Service is interested in the costs borne by meat and poultry establishments. This study estimated the costs of developing, validating, and reassessing hazard analysis and critical control points (HACCP), sanitary standard operating procedures (SSOP), and sampling plans; food safety training for new employees; antimicrobial equipment and solutions; sanitizing equipment; third-party audits; and microbial tests. Using results from an in-person expert consultation, web searches, and contacts with vendors, we estimated capital equipment, labor, materials, and other costs associated with these investments. Results are presented by establishment size (small and large) and species (beef, pork, chicken, and turkey), when applicable. For example, the cost of developing food safety plans, such as HACCP, SSOP, and sampling plans, can range from approximately $6000 to $87000, depending on the type of plan and establishment size. Food safety training costs from approximately $120 to $2500 per employee, depending on the course and type of employee. The costs of third-party audits range from approximately $13000 to $24000 per audit, and establishments are often subject to multiple audits per year. Knowing the cost of these investments will allow researchers and regulators to better assess the effects of food safety regulations and evaluate cost-effective alternatives.

Perdas econômicas ocasionadas por lesões em carcaças de bovinos abatidos em matadouro-frigorífico do norte de Mato Grosso / Economic losses caused by injuries in carcasses of cattle slaughtered in northern Mato Grosso, Brazil

Este estudo teve o objetivo de avaliar as perdas econômicas decorrentes de lesões de transporte e manejo pré-abate em carcaças de bovinos abatidos em matadouro-frigorífico inspecionado na região norte do Estado de Mato Grosso/MT, Brasil. De um total de 1.021 animais avaliados identificou-se que 433(42,4%) apresentavam carcaças com lesões relacionadas ao transporte e manejo pré-abate. A frequência de lesões encontradas evidenciou uma diferença (P<0,05)de acordo com o tempo de transporte, em que, com o transporte de até duas horas foi observado 1,82 lesão/carcaça lesionada e 2,05 lesão/carcaça lesionada com o tempo de 2 a 8 horas, sendo que para tempo de transporte maior que 8 horas, foi observado 2,07 lesões/carcaça lesionada, sendo esse valor igual (P>0,05)aos valores encontrados para transporte entre 2 a 8 horas.Os animais lesionados apresentaram de uma até seis lesões em sua carcaça, com uma maioria (96,9%) variando entre 1 a 4 lesões, sendo que os animais transportados por mais de 2 horas apresentaram mais lesões que os animais transportados por até 2 horas (P<0,05).Foi observado que o local de maior incidência de lesões foi o lombo, com 50,35% das lesões, seguido pela região do coxão com 36,38% das lesões encontradas neste estudo. Encontrou-se também uma perca no valor de 115,76 kg para o total de animais estudados, estima-se que para um matodouro-frigorífico de médio porte, acumula-se uma perda anual superior a 200 mil reais com lesões em carcaças bovinas decorrentes do transporte e manejo pré-abate...

This study evaluates the economic losses caused by lesions during shipping and pre-management in cattle slaughtered in Mato Grosso, Brazil. From 1,021 carcasses evaluated, 433 (42.4%) presented injuries caused hrough transportation and pre-slaughter management. Lesion frequency varied significantly with shipping times (P<0.05). Animals transported for up to 2 hours presented 1,82 lesion/carcass. In turn, animals transported 2 to 8 hours exhibited 2.05 lesion/carcass, what however did not differ statistically from the number of lesions in animals transported for more than 8 hours (2.07 lesion/carcass; P>0.05). Injured animals presented up to six lesions, although most (96.9%) had up to four lesions. Cattle transported for more than 2 hours presented more lesions than animals shipped for less than 2 hours (P<0.05). Most lesions were obsetrved on the loin (50.35% of lesions), followed by the rump (36.38%). Total weight loss of animals accounted for 115.76 kg, Annual economic losses in a midsized slaughterhouse were estimated at R$ 200,000 by lesions caused during transport and pre-slaughter management of cattle...

Cost and sensitivity of on-farm versus slaughterhouse surveys for prevalence estimation and substantiating freedom from disease.

Within the framework of Swiss surveillance for epizootic diseases, dairy cattle are sampled using bulk tank milk while non-dairy cattle are sampled on the farm. The latter method is costly, time-demanding and dangerous for the personnel. However, slaughterhouses could be an alternative sampling point for this population. To assess the cost-effectiveness and sensitivity of such an approach, surveillance using slaughterhouse sampling was modelled with data from the 2012 Swiss animal movement database (AMD). We simulated a cross-sectional study for bluetongue (BT), and surveillance programmes to substantiate freedom from infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) and enzootic bovine leucosis (EBL) (combined) to compare the outcome of random on-farm sampling versus slaughterhouse sampling. We found that, under Swiss conditions, slaughterhouse sampling results in low herd-level sensitivities because animals are sent by owners to slaughter individually and not in large groups, restricting the number of samples per herd. This makes slaughterhouse sampling inappropriate for prevalence surveys at the herd-level. However, for prevalence surveys at the animal-level and for substantiation of freedom from disease, slaughterhouse surveillance is equally or more cost-efficient than on-farm sampling.

Major causes of organ/carcass condemnation and financial loss estimation in animals slaughtered at two abattoirs in Bursa Province, Turkey.

An abattoir survey was conducted from July 2012 to December 2012 to determine the major causes of organ and carcass condemnation and to estimate the associated direct financial loss at two abattoirs in Bursa Province in Turkey. A total of 22,872 sheeps and 5363 cattle were examined by postmortem inspection using standard inspection procedures. The total economic loss in two abattoirs was estimated from the summation of organ and carcass condemnation in six-month period. The retail prices of offal (lung, liver, kidney, heart, and spleen) and kg price of cattle and sheep carcasses were obtained from local markets. The results of postmortem examination indicated that a total of 658 (2.33%) offals and 93 (0.32%) carcasses were condemned. While the main causes of organ condemnation were hydatidosis and fasciolosis, carcasses were condemned mainly due to tuberculosis and jaundice. The total revenue in 2012 for all animals (164,080 sheeps and 56,035 cattle) slaughtered in 15 abattoirs in Bursa Province was 144,401,765 USD. This study showed that financial loss due to organ and carcass condemnations at two abattoirs in six-month period was 245,483 USD (0.17% of the total annual revenue of all slaughtered animals at 15 abattoirs). In sheep, six-month financial loss was estimated at 3281 USD and 4015 USD from organ condemnation due to fasciolosis and hydatidosis, respectively. In cattle, total loss was calculated as 4042 USD and 12,321 USD due to fasciolosis and hydatidosis, respectively. A common cause of carcass condemnation in cattle was tuberculosis, totalling 214,995 USD in losses, whereas condemnation due to tuberculosis was not determined in sheep. The current study also showed that six-month monetary losses from carcass condemnation of sheep and cattle due to jaundice were 8099 USD and 6026 USD, respectively. From the data obtained in this study, it can be concluded that bacterial and parasitic diseases remain common and cause considerable economic loss in Bursa Province, Turkey. The result of this abattoir study provided regional information on major causes of organ and carcass condemnation in sheep and cattle slaughtered at two abattoirs as well as giving an estimation of the direct financial losses.

Miosite eosinofílica em bovinos abatidos para consumo humano / Eosinophilic myositis in cattle slaughtered for human consumption

Miosite eosinofílica é uma condição inflamatória relativamente rara que afeta os músculos estriados de bovinos e ovinos. A lesão é usualmente associada a cistos degenerados de Sarcocystis spp., principalmente S. cruzi embora esse protozoário ocorra associado às miofibras de praticamente qualquer bovino, sem provocar, na grande maioria das vezes, reação inflamatória. Esse artigo relata os achados macro e microscópicos da miosite eosinofílica em três bovinos abatidos para produção de carne para consumo humano. Macroscopicamente, as lesões consistiam de manchas ou linhas amarelo-pálidas, ocasionalmente esverdeadas, de 2-6mm no miocárdio de três bovinos e no músculo masseter de um deles. Microscopicamente, as lesões consistiam de acúmulos inflamatórios granulomatosos circundando um centro constituído por eosinófilos mortos e degenerados e ocasionais fragmentos de Sarcocystis sp. A imuno-histoquímica realizada no miocárdio de um dos bovinos com um anticorpo policlonal anti-Neospora caninum marcou cistos intactos em miofibras normais e fragmentos de cistos em meio a áreas de intensa reação inflamatória. Esse último achado corrobora a opinião dos que apontam Sarcocystis sp. como tendo participação na causa da miosite eosinofílica.

Eosinophilic myositis is a relatively rare inflammatory condition affecting striated muscle of cattle and sheep. It has been usually associated with degenerating cysts of Sarcocystis spp., mainly S. cruzi, although this protozoan occurs in the myofibers of almost every cattle without provoking an inflammatory reaction. This paper reports the gross and histopathological findings of eosinophilic myositis in three cattle slaughtered for meat production for human consumption. Grossly lesions were pale yellow, occasionally with a greenish hue, 2-6mm spots or strikes in the myocardium of the three cattle and in the masseter muscle of one of them. Microscopically there were granulomatous lesions surrounding a core of dead and degenerating eosinophils and occasional fragment components of Sarcocystis. Immunohistochemistry performed with a policlonal anti-Neospora caninum antibody in the myocardium of one of the cattle marked intact cysts in normal myofibers and intralesional fragments of disrupted cyst amidst areas with strong inflammatory reaction. This latter finding corroborates the opinion of those in favor of Sarcocystis spp. playing a role in the causation of eosinophilic myositis.

Analysis of the relationship between economic measures and Salmonella testing results in young chicken slaughter establishments.

Food processing establishments incur costs to install, maintain, and operate equipment and implement specific food safety practices. During times of economic recession, establishments might reduce their food safety efforts to conserve resources and reduce costs of operation. This study was conducted to determine whether financial performance measures are systematically associated with Salmonella test results. The association between Salmonella test results from 182 federally inspected young chicken slaughter establishments from 2007 to 2009 and financial performance was examined while controlling for other establishment characteristics. Results indicated that the smallest establishments, which slaughtered fewer than 0.2 million chickens per year, had three times as many positive test results as did the largest establishments, which slaughtered more than 86.0 million chickens per year (P < 0.01). Establishments that slaughtered more than 0.2 million but fewer than 18.5 million chickens had 1.5 times as many positive test results (P = 0.02). Two statistically significant financial performance measures were identified, but the effects were limited. Establishments in bankruptcy had 1.4 times as many positive test results as did those not in bankruptcy (P = 0.02); however, only five establishments were in bankruptcy. Establishments with better payment performance generally had better Salmonella test results, but the effect was significant only in the winter season.

The veterinary medicine industry in Britain in the twentieth century.

Economic historians have focused research effort on accounting for the growth and significance of Britain's pharmaceutical industry, but little effort has so far been directed at the veterinary medicine industry, which formed an important part of the wider sector. This article addresses that gap. Factors responsible for that sector's relative insignificance until the 1950s included a general tendency to slaughter rather than to treat sick animals, the absence of advanced medicines until the innovation of sulpha drugs and antibiotics, and difficult relations with the wider pharmaceutical industry. Thereafter output of veterinary medicines increased dramatically, arising from an exponential growth in the demand for intensively farmed poultry meat. Since the 1980s a decline in the use of drugs in agriculture has caused the industry to concentrate on the health needs of domestic animals rather than those of livestock.